Ida B. Wells is an African American civil rights advocate, journalist, and feminist. She is an American Hero. View a short video about her work to guarantee access to the vote.
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Wells was born enslaved in Holly Springs, Mississippi in 1862. She was the oldest daughter of James and Lizzie Wells. During Reconstruction, her parents were active in the Republican Party. Mr. Wells was involved with the Freedman's Aid Society and helped start Rust College. Rust is an historically black liberal arts college. It is affiliated with the United Methodist Church and was one of 10 Historic Black Colleges and Universites founded before 1869 that are still operating.
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Wells attended Rust College to receive her early education, but was forced to drop out. At 16, Wells lost both parents and one of her siblings in a yellow fever outbreaks. She convinced a nearby school administrator that she was 18, and landed a job as a teacher to take care of her siblings.
In 1882, Wells moved with her sisters to Memphis, Tennessee to live with their aunt. Her brothers found work as carpentry apprentices, and for a time Wells continued her education at Fisk University in Nashville. While on a train ride from Memphis to Nashville in May 1884, Wells reached a turning point. She had bought a first-class ticket, but the train crew forced her to move to the car for African Americans. Wells refused on principle, before being forcibly removed from the train. As she was being removed, she bit one of the crew members. Wells sued the railroad, and won a $500 settlement in a circuit case court. The decision was overturned by the Tennessee Supreme Court.
Following this incident, Wells began writing about issues of race and politics in the South. Using the name 'Iola', Wells had a number of her articles published in black newspapers and periodicals. She later became an owner of two newspapers: The Memphis Free Speechand Headlight and Free Speech. In addition to working as a journalist and publisher, Wells worked as a teacher in a segregated public school in Memphis. She was a vocal critic of the condition of segregated schools in the city, and was fired from her job in 1891 because of her criticism.
In 1892, Wells turned her attention to anti-lynching after a friend and two of his business associates were murdered. Tom Moss, Calvin McDowell, and Will Stewart started a grocery store, which drew customers away from a white-owned store in the neighborhood. The white store owner and his supporters clashed with Moss, McDowell, and Stewart on multiple occasions. One night they had to guard their store against an attack, and ended up shooting several of the white men. They were arrested, and taken to jail. Unfortunately, they did not have a chance to defend themselves. A lynch mob took them from their cells and murdered them. Wells wrote articles decrying the lynching and risked her own life traveling the south to gather information on other lynchings. One of her editorials pushed some of the city's whites over the edge. A mob stormed her newspaper office and destroyed all of her equipment. Wells was in New York at the time of the incident, which likely saved her life. She stayed in the North after her life was threatened and wrote an in-depth report on lynching in America for the New York Age. This was a newspaper run by T. Thomas Fortune, a former slave.
She brought her anti-lynching campaign to the White House in 1898 and called for President McKinley to make reforms.
In 1895, Wells married Ferdinand Barnett, with whom she had four children. Despite being married, Wells was one of the first American women to keep her maiden name.
In 1896, Wells formed several civil rights organizations, including the National Association of Colored Women. After brutal attacks on the African American community in Springfield, Illinois in 1908, Wells took action. In 1909, she attended a conference for an organization that would later become the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Though she is considered a founder of the NAACP, Wells cut ties with the organization because she felt it that in its infancy it lacked action-based initiatives.
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Wells was an active fighter for woman suffrage, particularly for Black women. On January 30, 1913 Wells founded the Alpha Suffrage Club in Chicago. The club organized women in the city to elect candidates who would best serve the Black community. As president of the club, Wells was invited to march in the 1913 Suffrage Parade in Washington, DC along with dozens of other club members. Organizers, afraid of offending Southern white suffragists, asked women of color to march at the back of the parade. Boom library wetlands stereo and surround download free. Wells refused, and stood on the parade sidelines until the Chicago contingent of white women passed, at which point she joined the march. The rest of the Suffrage Club contingent marched at the back of the parade. Work done by Wells and the Alpha Suffrage Club played a crucial role in the victory of woman suffrage in Illinois on June 25, 1913 with the passage of the Illinois Equal Suffrage Act.
Wells died of kidney disease on March 25, 1931 in Chicago. She leaves behind a legacy of social and political activism.
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In 2020, Ida B. Wells was awarded a Pulitzer Prize 'for her outstanding and courageous reporting on the horrific and vicious violence against African Americans during the era of lynching.'
Ida B. Wells is associated with the Ida B. Wells-Barnett House. It is located at 3624 S. Martin Luther King Dr. in Chicago-- it is a private residence and not open to the public. It was listed as a National Historic Landmark on May 30, 1974.
BitTorrent is a hugely popular peer-to-peer file sharing system. In countries where broadband Internet is widespread, BitTorrent accounts for as much as 70% of the overall Internet traffic. In contrast, in developing countries, BitTorrent is almost unusable on the typically low bandwidth dialup connections and accounts for less than 10% of the overall traffic.
BitMate is designed to enhance the performance of hosts with low-bandwidth connections. Importantly, BitMate enhances the performance of low-bandwidth nodes without cheating, circumventing the fairness policy of BitTorrent or adversely affecting the performance of other peers.
BitMate outperforms vanilla BitTorrent by as much as 70% in download performance, while at the same time improving upload contribution by as much as 1000%! BitMate also outperforms strategic clients like BitTyrant in low-bandwidth conditions by as much as 60% in download performance (without cheating).
BitMate is designed to enhance the performance of hosts with low-bandwidth connections. Importantly, BitMate enhances the performance of low-bandwidth nodes without cheating, circumventing the fairness policy of BitTorrent or adversely affecting the performance of other peers.
BitMate outperforms vanilla BitTorrent by as much as 70% in download performance, while at the same time improving upload contribution by as much as 1000%! BitMate also outperforms strategic clients like BitTyrant in low-bandwidth conditions by as much as 60% in download performance (without cheating).
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BitMate is a BitTorrent client fully compliant with the BitTorrent protocol and compatible with existing BitTorrent clients. BitMate is implemented using azureus (Vuze) code base. We have subtly changed the underlying mechanism (GPL'ed) without changing the UI or the codebase that deals with the Vuze platform.
BitMate is designed to specifically improve the performance of low-bandwidth peers (5-20 KB/sec); in our target conditions, Bitmate can almost double your download performance. At the same time, it performs at least as well as the traditional BitTorrent clients for high-bandwidth peers (but you'll see most performance benefit for low-bandwidth peers in the developing-world).
BitMate is designed to specifically improve the performance of low-bandwidth peers (5-20 KB/sec); in our target conditions, Bitmate can almost double your download performance. At the same time, it performs at least as well as the traditional BitTorrent clients for high-bandwidth peers (but you'll see most performance benefit for low-bandwidth peers in the developing-world).
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A BitMate client achieves good performance under low-bandwidth conditions by the following key design principles:
- Minimize Wasted Goodwill: A BitMate client minimizes 'wasted' goodwill. Instead of trying to earn goodwill from high-bandwidth nodes, which rarely reciprocate due to a bandwidth mismatch, a BitMate client utilizes its limited bandwidth to earn goodwill with other low-bandwidth peers with which it can establish the most mutually beneficial tit-for-tat connections. As a result, low-bandwidth clients talk to each other more often, helping each other download faster. In doing so, BitMate clients also reduce the arbitrage between their upload and download bandwidth, minimizing the element of free-riding associated with low-bandwidth peers.
- Don't Compete Unnecessarily: Instead of competing with each other to download the same blocks from high-bandwidth peers, BitMate clients download distinct blocks of a file (that other low-bandwidth nodes have not already downloaded) from high bandwidth peers. This improves performance since low-bandwidth clients download from (reluctant) high-bandwidth peers only when necessary. In essence, by avoiding competition for the same blocks, low-bandwidth BitMate clients 'pool' their bandwidth when talking to high bandwidth clients. This also improves fairness since it minimizes the data gratuitously downloaded by low-bandwidth clients from higher bandwidth peers -- instead encouraging mutually beneficial tit-for-tat connections between matching low-bandwidth peers.
- Avoid Redundant Downloads:A BitMate client is watchful when downloading data from other clients and only downloads from those peers that have it unchoked at the time of download. As a result, a low-bandwidth BitMate node makes faster progress in stringing together a piece and avoids redundant downloads due to 'premature chokes' by higher bandwidth peers. This also reduces the element of free riding by not downloading from nodes that have choked a low-bandwidth node.
- Share Aggressively:A BitMate client does not wait for a piece to download completely before sharing it with other peers. Instead, BitMate implements pipelined uploads to enable uploading by low-bandwidth clients that are otherwise struggling to string together a piece in the face of repeated chokes by other peers. As a result, a BitMate client can start earning goodwill with other peers (by uploading blocks of a piece) quickly while traditional clients are struggling to string together a piece before starting upload
- Minimize Cross-ISP Traffic: BitMate is designed to minimize cross-ISP traffic without adversely affecting the performance of a low-bandwidth client. However, unlike previous work like Ono, which bias peer selection solely based on the proximity of the peers, BitMate matches peer locality as well as bandwidth. The goal of our work is not to find local peers that may offer better bandwidth due to better path properties, but to find bandwidth-matched peers that may also help reduce congestion on the upstream link of a developing-world ISP.
Overall, a low-bandwidth BitMate client prefers stable, bandwidth-matched peers over the greedy strategy of vanilla BitTorrent. Instead of wasting optimistic unchokes on high bandwidth peers, a BitMate client optimistically unchokes those peers that have a similar low-bandwidth. As a result, a BitMate client invests its scarce upload bandwidth on peers that are most likely to reciprocate. At the same time, BiTMate leaves the tit-for-tat reciprocal unchoke policy untouched to uphold the fairness of BitTorrent. This leads to both increased performance and fairness since low-bandwidth clients can quickly form mutually beneficial peer-to-peer connections.